Marcus Key, Joseph Priestley Professor of Natural Philosophy | Marcus Key

Photograph of Marcus Key

Department of Earth Sciences
Kaufman Building, Room 143
Dickinson College
Carlisle, PA 17013-2896
USA

Phone: 717.245.1448
E-Mail: key@dickinson.edu

Education

1979-1981 University of Colorado; Boulder, CO; Department of Geological Sciences; geology major.

1981-1983 University of Texas; Austin, TX; Department of Geological Sciences; B.S. in 1983 with Highest Honors from the College of Natural Sciences and Special Honors from the Department of Geological Sciences; Honors Thesis title: Molluscan Species Richness from the K/T Boundary to the Upper Eocene; Thesis advisor: Thor A. Hansen.

1984-1988 Yale University; New Haven, CT; Department of Geology and Geophysics; M.Ph. in 1986; Ph.D. in 1988; Dissertation title: Evolution of the Halloporid Clade (Bryozoa: Trepostomata) in the Ordovician Simpson Group of Oklahoma; Dissertation advisor: David E. Schindel.

Research Interests

My interest is in inferring evolutionary and sedimentary patterns and processes using fossil and living organisms. My current research involves marine biofouling, functional morphology, and carbonate production rates of bryozoans.

Bryozoans
Cool water carbonate production rates

Evolution of epibiosis
Biomechanics of bryozoan feeding
Geoarcheology, Chesapeake Bay, Virginia

Appraisal of fossil collections – I evaluate the value of fossil collections for estate settlements, making tax deductible gift donations, etc.

Publication List

Published Papers

(* indicates Dickinson College student co-author)

Key, M. M., Jr., and R. K. Rossi*. 2025. Sourcing the early colonial knight's black "marble" tombstone at Jamestown, Virginia, USA. International Journal of Historical Archaeology. 29: 202–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10761-024-00756-4.
Key, M. M., Jr., M. Hyžný, K. Zágoršek, and A. Dulai. 2024. Cheilostome bryozoan epibiosis on brachyuran crabs in the Parathethys Sea during the late Badenian (middle Miocene). Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 98: 563–578. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-024-00707-8.
Key, M. M., Jr., J. E. Winston, C. B. Eastman, E. C. Hyatt, and S. G. Dunbar. 2024. Hitchhiking bryozoans (Gymnolaemata) on sea turtles (Cheloniidae) from southeastern United States to Honduras. Bulletin of Marine Science. 100 (4): 727–760. https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2024.0066.
Wyse Jackson, P. N.,M. M. Key, Jr., and C. M. Reid. 2023. Skeletonisation in the stenolaemate bryozoan orders Cryptostomata (Suborder Rhabdomesina) and Trepostomata: the role of the Bryozoan Skeletal Index (BSI) as a taxonomic character. Pp. 169–181.In: M. M. Key, Jr., J. S. Porter, and P. N. Wyse Jackson (eds.). Bryozoan Studies 2022.CRC Press/Balkema; Boca Raton, FL/Oxon, UK. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003454915-18.
Key, M. M., Jr., J. Shaw, and I. Ward.2023. Three-dimensional imaging of fossil cheilostome bryozoans in Eocene chert by Synchrotron Radiation Micro-Computed Tomography. Pp. 55–63.In: M. M. Key, Jr., J. S. Porter, and P. N. Wyse Jackson (eds.). Bryozoan Studies 2022. CRC Press/Balkema; Boca Raton, FL/Oxon, UK. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003454915-7.
Key, M. M., Jr., and S. H. Decker. 2023. Fouling of the slipper lobster,Scyllarides latus, by cyclostome and ctenostome bryozoans in the Mediterranean Sea off Malta. Pp. 47–53In: M. M. Key, Jr., J. S. Porter, and P. N. Wyse Jackson (eds.). Bryozoan Studies 2022.CRC Press/Balkema; Boca Raton, FL/Oxon, UK. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003454915-6.
Key, M. M., Jr., and K. R. Schorr*. 2023. Bryozoan fouling of the American lobster (Homarus americanus) following the 1999 die-off in Long Island Sound, USA. Journal of Shellfish Research. 42 (3): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.2983/035.042.02.00.
Key, M. M., Jr., P. N. Wyse Jackson, M. S. McDowell*, and M. K. Nestell. 2023. Astogenetic morphological variation in the bryozoan Prophyllodictya gracilis from the Middle Ordovician of Russia and inferred colony-wide feeding currents. Papers in Palaeontology. 9: e1492. https://doi.org/10.1002/SPP2.1492.
Key, M. M., Jr., A. M. Smith, B. Hanns, and P. Kane-Sanderson. 2023. Rare report of bryozoan fouling of rock lobsters (Jasus edwardsii: Decapoda: Palinuridae) from the North Island of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 57 (2): 229–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2021.1977344.
Reid, C. M., P. N. Wyse Jackson, andM. M. Key, Jr. 2023. Latitudinal influences on bryozoan calcification through the Paleozoic. Paleobiology. 49 (2): 271–283. https://www.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2022.31.
Key, M. M., Jr., and P. N. Wyse Jackson. 2022. History of micro-computed tomographic three-dimensional imaging in bryozoology. Pp. 57–72. In: P. N. Wyse Jackson and M. E. Spencer Jones (eds.), Annals of Bryozoology 7: Aspects of the History of Research on Bryozoans. International Bryozoology Association, Dublin, Ireland.
Key, M. M., Jr., R. K. Rossi, and R. J. Teagle. 2021. Historical geoarchaeological approach to sourcing seventeenth- to eighteenth century black “marble” ledger stones from the Chesapeake Bay region, U.S.A. Markers. 37: 38-91.
Key, M. M., Jr., and M. E. Hendrickx. 2022.Biflustra irregulata: A tsunami debris rafted Indo-Pacific bryozoan found in eastern Pacific. Zootaxa. 5128 (3): 340–354. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5128.3.2.
Key, M. M., Jr., S. T. Arnold*, and R. J. Teagle. 2021. New evidence for the Corotoman re-use hypothesis for the stone floor of colonial Christ Church, Irvington, VA. Quarterly Bulletin of the Archeological Society of Virginia. 76 (3): 119-144.
Key, M. M., Jr., R. K. Rossi*, and R. J. Teagle. 2021. Historical geoarchaeological approach to sourcing seventeenth- to eighteenth century black marble ledger stones from the Chesapeake Bay region, U.S.A. Markers. 37: 44-101.
Key, M. M., Jr., P. N. Wyse Jackson, and C. M. Reid. 2021. Trepostome bryozoans buck the trend and ignore calcite-aragonite seas. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-021-00507-x.
Ward, I., M. OLeary, M. Key, and A. Carson. 2021. Response to comment on Ward et al.s Insights into the procurement and distribution of fossiliferous chert artefacts across southern Australia from the archival record. Australian Archaeology. 87 (3): 330-332. https://doi.org/10.1080/03122417.2021.1975742.
Key, M. M., Jr., A. M. Smith, B. Hanns, and P. Kane-Sanderson. 2021. Rare report of bryozoan fouling of rock lobsters (Jasus edwardsii: Decapoda: Palinuridae) from the North Island of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2021.1977344.
Key, M. M., Jr., A. M. Smith, N. J. Phillips*, and J. S. Forrester. 2020. Effect of removal of organic material on stable isotope ratios in skeletal carbonate from taxonomic groups with complex mineralogies. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 34:e8901. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.8901.
Key, M. M., Jr., S. B. Lieber*, R. J. Teagle. 2020. An historical geoarchaeological approach to sourcing an eighteenth century building stone: Use of Aquia Creek Sandstone in Christ Church, Lancaster County, VA, USA. Geoheritage. 12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-020-00426-x.
Wyse Jackson, P. N., M. M. Key, Jr., and C. M. Reid. 2020. Bryozoan Skeletal Index (BSI): a measure of the degree of calcification in stenolaemate bryozoans. Pp. 193-206. In: P. Wyse Jackson and K. Zágorek (eds.). Bryozoan Studies 2019. Czech Geological Society, Prague, Czech Republic.
Key, M. M., Jr. 2020. Estimating colony age from colony size in encrusting cheilostomes. Pp. 83-90. In: P. Wyse Jackson and K. Zágorek (eds.). Bryozoan Studies 2019. Czech Geological Society, Prague, Czech Republic.
Smith, A. M., and M. M. Key, Jr. 2020. Growth geometry and measurement of growth rates in marine bryozoans: a review. Pp. 139-156. In: P. Wyse Jackson and K. Zágorek (eds.). Bryozoan Studies 2019. Czech Geological Society, Prague, Czech Republic.
Smith, A. M., M. M. Key, Jr., and A. C. L. Wood. 2019. Culturing large erect shelf bryozoans: skeletal growth measured using calcein staining in culture. Australasian Palaeontological Memoirs, 52: 131-138. ISSN 2205-8877.
Key, M. M., Jr., M. S. Burkhart, and M. OLeary. 2019. Eocene bryozoans preserved in chert from the Wilson Bluff Limestone, Eucla Basin, Western Australia. Australasian Palaeontological Memoirs, 52: 85-90. ISSN 2205-8877.
Wyse Jackson, P.N., and M. M. Key, Jr. 2019. Epizoan and endoskeletozoan distribution across reassembled ramose stenolaemate bryozoan zoaria from the Upper Ordovician (Katian) of the Cincinnati Arch region, USA. Australasian Palaeontological Memoirs, 52: 169-178. ISSN 2205-8877.
Ward, I., M. M. Key, Jr., R. Riera, A. Carson, and M. OLeary. 2019. Insights into the procurement and distribution of fossiliferous chert artefacts across southern Australia from the archival record. Australian Archaeology. 85 (2): 170-183. https://doi.org/10.1080/03122417.2019.1657320.
Key, M. M., Jr., and C. E. Schweitzer. 2019. Coevolution of post-Palaeozoic arthropod basibiont diversity and encrusting bryozoan epibiont diversity? Lethaia. 53 (2): 183-198. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/let.12350.
Ward, I., M. M. Key, Jr., M. OLeary, A. Carson, J. Shaw, and A. Maksimenko. 2019. Synchrotron X-ray tomographic imaging of embedded fossil invertebrates in Aboriginal stone artefacts from southwestern Western Australia: implications for sourcing, distribution and chronostratigraphy. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 26 (August): 101840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.05.005.
Key, M. M., Jr., R. K. Rossi*, A. M. Smith, S. K. Hageman, and W. P. Patterson. 2018. Stable isotope profiles of skeletal carbonate validate annually-produced growth checks in the bryozoan Melicerita chathamensis from Snares Pla form, New Zealand. Bulletin of Marine Science. 94 (4): 1447-1464. https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2017.1166.
O’Leary, M. J., I. Ward,M. M. Key, Jr., M. S. Burkhart*, C. Rawson, and N. Evans. 2017. Challenging the 'offshore hypothesis' for fossiliferous chert artefacts in southwestern Australia and consideration of inland trade routes. Quaternary Science Reviews. 156: 36–46.
Key, M. M., Jr., M. Hyžný, E. Khosravi, N. Hudáčková, N. Robin, and M. Mirzaie Ataabadi. 2017. Bryozoan epibiosis on fossil crabs: a rare occurrence from the Miocene of Iran. Palaios. 32: 491-505. http://mr.crossref.org/iPage?doi=10.2110%2Fpalo.2017.040
Key, M. M., Jr., L. P. Milliman*, M. A. Smolek, and S. D. Hurry. 2016. Sourcing a stone paver from the colonial St. Inigoes Manor, Maryland. Northeast Historical Archaeology. 45: 132-155.
Smith, A. M., M. M. Key, Jr., Z. E. Henderson, V. C. Davis, and D. J. Winter. 2016. Pre-treatment for removal of organic material is not necessary for X-ray diffraction determination of mineralogy in temperate skeletal carbonate. Journal of Sedimentary Research. 86: 1425-1433. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2016.86.
Key, M. M., Jr., P. N. Wyse Jackson, and S. H. Felton. 2016. Intracolony variation in colony morphology in reassembled fossil ramose stenolaemate bryozoans from the Upper Ordovician (Katian) of the Cincinnati Arch region, USA. Journal of Paleontology. 90: 400-412
Key, M. M., Jr. 2014. Skolithos in the Lower Cambrian Antietam Formation of South Mountain, Pennsylvania. Pp. 13-26. In: R. Anthony (ed.). Pennsylvania's Great Valley & Bordering Mountains near Carlisle. Guidebook for the 79th Annual Field Conference of Pennsylvania Geologists. Field Conference of Pennsylvania Geologists. Harrisburg, PA.
Key, M. M., Jr., 2014. Stop #3: Valley Quarries, Inc., Mt., Cydonia III Quarry. Pp. 106-112. In: R. Anthony (ed.). Pennsylvania's Great Valley & Bordering Mountains near Carlisle. Guidebook for the 79th Annual Field Conference of Pennsylvania Geologists. Field Conference of Pennsylvania Geologists. Harrisburg, PA.
Key, M. M., Jr., P. N. Wyse Jackson, L. W. Falvey, and B. J. Roth. 2014. Use of fossil bryozoans for sourcing lithic artifacts. Geoarchaeology: An International Journal. 29: 397-409. doi 10.1002/gea.21487
Wyse Jackson, P. N., and M. M. Key, Jr. 2014. Epizoic Bryozoans on cephalopods through the Phanerozoic: a review. Studi Trentini di Scienze naturali. 94: 283-291.
Key, M. M., Jr., and P. N. Wyse Jackson. 2014. Use of fossil bryozoans as provenance indicators for dimension stones. Studi Trentini di Scienze Naturali. 94: 131-138.
Wyse Jackson, P. N., M. M. Key, Jr., and S. P. Coakley. 2014. Epizoozoan trepostome bryozoans on nautiloids from the Late Ordovician (Katian) of the Cincinnati Arch region, U.S.A.: An assessment of growth, form and water flow dynamics. Journal of Paleontology. 88 (3): 475-487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/13-138.
Smith, A. M., J. Berman, M. M. Key, Jr., and D. J. Winter. 2013. Not all sponges will thrive in a high-CO2 ocean: Review of the mineralogy of calcifying sponges. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 392 (2013): 463-472. DOI:10.10106/j.palaeo.2013.10.004.
Key, M. M., Jr., P. M. Hollenbeck*, A. O'Dea, and W. P. Patterson. 2013 Stable isotope profiling in modern marine bryozoan colonies across the Isthmus of Panama. Bulletin of Marine Science. 89 (4): 837-856. http://dx.doi.org/10.5343/bms.2012.1056
Key, M. M., Jr., K. Zágoršek, and W. P. Patterson. 2013. Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the Early to Middle Miocene Central Paratethys using stable isotopes from bryozoan skeletons. International Journal of Earth Sciences. 102: 305-318.
Key, M. M., Jr., J. B. Knauff*, and D. K. A. Barnes. 2012. Epizoic bryozoans on predatory pycnogonids from the South Orkney Islands, Antarctica: “If you can't beat them, join them”. Pp. 137-153. In: A. Ernst, P. Schäfer, and J. Scholz (eds.). Bryozoa Studies 2010, Lecture Notes in Earth System Sciences 143. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-16411-8_10.
Key, M. M., Jr., P. N. Wyse Jackson, and L. J. Vitiello*. 2011. Stream channel network analysis applied to colony-wide feeding structures in a Permian bryozoan from Greenland. Paleobiology. 37: 287-302.
Key, M. M., Jr., G. A. Schumacher, L. E. Babcock, R. C. Frey, W. P. Heimbrock, S. H. Felton, D. L. Cooper, W. B. Gibson, D. G. Scheid, and S. A. Schumacher. 2010. Paleoecology of commensal epizoans fouling Flexicalymene (Trilobita) from the Upper Ordovician, Cincinnati Arch region, USA. Journal of Paleontology. 84: 1121-1134.
Key, M. M., Jr., R. Teagle, and T. Haysom. 2010. Provenance of the stone pavers in Christ Church, Lancaster Co., Virginia. Quarterly Bulletin of the Archeological Society of Virginia. 65: 1-15.
Key, M. M., Jr., S. Vaughn, T. H. Davis, and W. Parr. 2009. 14C age control on a Rappahannock Native American site on Totuskey Creek (44RD0206) in Richmond County, Virginia 14C. Quarterly Bulletin of the Archeological Society of Virginia. 64: 163-176.
Key, M. M., Jr., P. N. Wyse Jackson, K. E. Miller*, and W. P. Patterson. 2008. A stable isotope test for the origin of fossil brown bodies in trepostome bryozoans from the Ordovician of Estonia. Pp. 75-84. In: S. J. Hageman, M. M. Key, Jr., and J. E. Winston (eds.). Bryozoan Studies 2007. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publication no. 15; Martinsville.
Buttler, C. J., P. N. Wyse Jackson, and M. M. Key, Jr. 2008. Bryozoa from the Ordovician (Caradoc) of Courtown, Count Wexford, Ireland. Pp. 9-18. In: S. J. Hageman, M. M. Key, Jr., and J. E. Winston (eds.). Bryozoan Studies 2007. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publication no. 15; Martinsville.
Ernst, A., and M. M. Key, Jr. 2007. Upper Ordovician Bryozoa from the Montagne de Noire, Southern France. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 5: 359-428.
Wyse Jackson, P. N., and M. M. Key, Jr. 2007. Borings in trepostome bryozoans from the Ordovician of Estonia: two ichnogenera produced by a single maker, a case of host morphology control. Lethaia. 40: 237-252
Smith, A. M., M. M. Key, Jr., and D. P. Gordon. 2006. Skeletal mineralogy of bryozoans: taxonomic and temporal patterns. Earth Science Reviews. 78: 287-306.
Cocito, S., M. Novosel, Z. Pasarić, and M. M. Key, Jr. 2006. Growth of the bryozoan Pentapora fascialis (Cheilostomata, Ascophora) around submarine freshwater springs in the Adriatic Sea. Linzer Biologie Beiträge. 38: 15-24.
Key, M. M., Jr., P. N. Wyse Jackson, W. P. Patterson, and M. D. Moore*. 2005. Stable isotope evidence for diagenesis of the Ordovician Courtown and Tramore Limestones, southeastern Ireland. Irish Journal of Earth Sciences. 23: 25-38.
Key, M. M., Jr., P. N. Wyse Jackson, E. Håkansson, W. P. Patterson, and M. D. Moore*. 2005. Gigantism in Permian trepostomes from Greenland: testing the algal symbiosis hypothesis using d13C and d18O values. Pp. 141-151. In: H. I. Moyano G., J. M. Cancino, and P. N. Wyse Jackson (eds.). Bryozoan Studies 2004. Balkema Publishers; Leiden, The Netherlands.
Smith, A. M., C. S. Nelson, M. M. Key, Jr., and W. P. Patterson. 2004. Stable isotope values in modern bryozoan carbonate from New Zealand and implications for paleoenvironmental interpretation. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 47: 809-821.
Smith, A. M., and M. M. Key, Jr. 2004. Controls, variation and a record of climate change in a detailed stable isotope profile from a single bryozoan skeleton. Quaternary Research. 61: 123-133.
Wyse Jackson, P. N., C. J. Buttler, and M. M. Key, Jr. 2002. Palaeoenvironmental interpretation of the Tramore Limestone Formation (Llandeilo, Ordovician) based on bryozoan colony form and preservation. Pp. 359-365. In: P. N. Wyse Jackson, C. J. Buttler, and M. E. Spencer Jones (eds.). Bryozoan Studies 2001. Balkema Publishers; Lisse, The Netherlands.
Key, M. M., Jr., L. Thrane, and J. A. Collins*. 2002. Functional morphology of maculae in a giant ramose bryozoan from the Permian of Greenland. Pp. 163-170. In: P. N. Wyse Jackson, C. J. Buttler, and M. E. Spencer Jones (eds.). Bryozoan Studies 2001. Balkema Publishers; Lisse, The Netherlands.
Wyse Jackson, P. N., C. J. Buttler, and M. M. Key, Jr. 2002. Comments on the proposed conservation of the specific names Dianulites petropolitana Dybowski, 1877 and Diplotrypa petropolitana Nicholson, 1879 (Bryozoa). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 59: 42-44.
Smith, A. M., B. Stewart, M. M. Key, Jr., and C. M. Jamet*. 2001. Growth and carbonate production by Adeonellopsis (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) in Doubtful Sound, New Zealand. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 175: 201-210.
Wyse Jackson, P. N., C. J. Buttler, and M. M. Key, Jr. 2001. Dianulites petropolitana Dybowski, 1877 and Diplotrypa petropolitana Nicholson, 1879 (Bryozoa): proposed conservation of the specific names. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 58: 215-219.
Key, M. M., Jr., L. Thrane, and J. A. Collins*. 2001. Space-filling problems in ramose trepostome bryozoans as exemplified in a giant colony from the Permian of Greenland. Lethaia. 34: 125-135.
Key, M. M., Jr., and E. S. Gaskin*. 2000. Geoarcheology of Native American pottery from the Prehistoric Davis Site (44LA46) in Lancaster County, Virginia. Quarterly Bulletin of the Archeological Society of Virginia. 55: 161-169.
Key, M. M., Jr., and E. S. Gaskin*. 2000. Dating the Prehistoric Davis Site (44LA46) in Lancaster County, Virginia. Quarterly Bulletin of the Archeological Society of Virginia. 55: 135-160.
Key, M. M., Jr., and T. E. Jones*. 2000. Geoarcheology of terra cotta tobacco pipes from the Colonial period Davis Site (44LA46) in Lancaster County, Virginia. Quarterly Bulletin of the Archeological Society of Virginia. 55: 86-95.
Key, M. M., Jr., T. E. Jones*, and C. H. Jett. 2000. Dating the Colonial-Era Davis Site (44LA46) in Lancaster County, Virginia. Quarterly Bulletin of the Archeological Society of Virginia. 55: 57-80.
Key, M. M., Jr., W. B. Jeffries, H. K. Voris, and C. M. Yang. 2000. Bryozoan fouling pattern on the horseshoe crab Tachypleus gigas (Müller) from Singapore. Pp. 265-271. In: A. Herrera Cubilla. and J. B. C. Jackson (eds.). Proceedings of the 11th International Bryozoology Association Conference. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Balboa, Panama.
Key, M. M., Jr., J. E. Winston, J. W. Volpe*, W. B. Jeffries, and H. K. Voris. 1999. Bryozoan fouling of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, at Beaufort, North Carolina. Bulletin of Marine Science. 64: 513-533.
Winston, J. E. and M. M. Key, Jr. 1999. Alcyonidium albescens (Ectoprocta: Ctenostomata) a new species from the Mid-Atlantic coast of the United States. Bulletin of Marine Science. 64: 509-512.
Key, M. M., Jr. and D. K. A. Barnes. 1999. Bryozoan colonization of the marine isopod Glyptonotus antarcticus at Signy Island, Antarctica. Polar Biology. 21: 48-55.
Erdman, J. S.*, M. M. Key, Jr., and R. L. Davis. 1997. Hydrogeology of the Cockburn Town aquifer, San Salvador Island, Bahamas, and the change in water quality resulting from the development of a resort community. Pp. 47-58. In: J. L. Carew (ed.). Proceedings of the Eighth Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions. Bahamian Field Station, San Salvador.
Key, M. M., Jr., J. W. Volpe*, W. B. Jeffries, and H. K. Voris. 1997. Barnacle fouling of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus at Beaufort, North Carolina. Journal of Crustacean Biology. 17: 424-439.
Key, M. M., Jr., W. B. Jeffries, H. K. Voris, and C. M. Yang. 1996. Epizoic bryozoans and mobile ephemeral host substrata. Pp. 157-165. In: D. P. Gordon, A. M. Smith, and J. A. Grant-Mackie (eds.). Bryozoans in Space and Time. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. Wellington, New Zealand.
Key, M. M., Jr., W. B. Jeffries, H. K. Voris, and C. M. Yang. 1996. Epizoic bryozoans, horseshoe crabs, and other mobile benthic substrates. Bulletin of Marine Science. 58: 368-384.
Key, M. M., Jr., W. B. Jeffries, and H. K. Voris. 1995. Epizoic bryozoans, sea snakes, and other nektonic substrates. Bulletin of Marine Science. 56: 462-474.
Key, M. M., Jr., S. M. Lev*, and A. Lighthart*. 1994. Colony control over skeletal growth rates in trepostome bryozoans. Pp. 97-100. In: P. J. Hayward, J. S. Ryland, and P. D. Taylor (eds.). Biology and Palaeobiology of Bryozoans. Olsen and Olsen. Fredensborg, Denmark.
Key, M. M., Jr. and A. B. Judd*. 1994. Phylogenetic relationship of the Middle Ordovician trepostome bryozoans Bimuropora and Sonninopora. Journal of Paleontology. 68: 233-241.
Lev, S. M.*, M. M. Key, Jr., and A. Lighthart*. 1993. A paleobiologic test for diastems using the internal stratigraphy of trepostome bryozoans. Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science. 67: 32-37.
Key, M. M., Jr. and H. L. Delano. 1993. The Triassic dinosaurs and the Trostle quarry. Pp. 28-34, 39-41. In: R. W. Britcher (ed.). South Mountain and the Triassic in Adams County. Guidebook for the 12th Annual Field Trip of the Harrisburg Area Geological Society. Harrisburg Area Geological Society. Harrisburg, PA.
Key, M. M., Jr. and N. Potter, Jr. 1992. Paleozoic Geology of the Paw Paw-Hancock Area of Maryland and West Virginia. Guidebook for the 11th Annual Field Trip of the Harrisburg Area Geological Society. Harrisburg Area Geological Society. Harrisburg, PA. 25 p.
Key, M. M., Jr. 1991. How to build a ramose trepostome. Pp. 201-207. In: F. P. Bigey and J.-L. d'Hondt (eds.). Bryozoa: Living and Fossil. Société des Sciences Naturelles de l'Ouest de la France. Mémoire hors série. Nantes, France.
Key, M. M., Jr. 1991. The halloporid trepostome bryozoans from the Ordovician Simpson Group of Oklahoma. Journal of Paleontology. 65: 200-212.
Key, M. M., Jr. and S. J. Sims. 1991. Geology of the Pennsy Supply Quarry, Mt. Holly, Pennsylvania. Pp. 220-225. In: W. D. Sevon and N. Potter, Jr. (eds.). Guidebook for the 56th Annual Field Conference of Pennsylvania Geologists. Field Conference of Pennsylvania Geologists. Harrisburg, PA.
Key, M. M., Jr. 1991. The Lower Cambrian Clastics of South Mountain, Pennsylvania. Pp. 21-27. In: W. D. Sevon and N. Potter, Jr. (eds.). Guidebook for the 56th Annual Field Conference of Pennsylvania Geologists. Field Conference of Pennsylvania Geologists. Harrisburg, PA.
Key, M. M., Jr. 1990. Intracolony variation in skeletal growth rates in Paleozoic ramose trepostome bryozoans. Paleobiology. 16: 483-491.
Key, M. M., Jr. 1990. A new family of trepostome bryozoans from the Ordovician Simpson Group of Oklahoma. Journal of Paleontology. 64: 700-725.
Key, M. M., Jr. 1987. Partitioning of morphologic variation across stability gradients in Upper Ordovician trepostomes. Pp. 145-152. In: J. R. P. Ross (ed.). Bryozoa: Present and Past. Western Washington University. Bellingham, WA.